2.1 Input, output & storage Essays - Computing,

2.1 Input, output storage Input: An input device sends information to a computer system for processing (sends data to another device, but it cannot receive). Output: An output device can receive data from another device, but it cannot send data to another device. Storage: allows data to be stored within a computer system. This includes devices such as hard disk drives and compact disk drives Processing devices: processing devices in a computer include (CPU) (GPU) and Motherboard. Flash memory: type of chip has a grid of columns and rows with a cell that has two transistors at each intersection. 2.2 processing and control Motherboard: allows communication between many of electronic components of a system. (houses cpu, ram controller cards). Cpu: referred to as the "brains" of a computer. The CPU is responsible for executing a sequence of stored instructions called a program. Ram: a computer memory that can be accessed randomly (Data remains in RAM as long as the computer is running. When the computer is turned off, RAM loses its data). Rom: There is one major difference between a ROM and a RAM chip. A ROM chip is non-volatile storage and does not require a constant source of power to retain information stored on it. Controller card: piece of hardware that acts as the interface between the motherboard and the other components of the computer. Microprocessor: The microprocessor contains all, or most of, the central processing unit (CPU) functions and is the "engine" that goes into motion when you turn your computer on. 3.4 Interface design UI: information device with which a person may interact. This can include display screens, keyboards, a mouse and the appearance of a desktop. Types of UI: command line. graphical user interface (GUI). menu driven. form based. natural language. Application systems: allow a user to perform a range of tasks such as editing, formatting and displaying documents Application software: allows the user to process data; for example, to create and edit a file GUI: (Graphical User Interface) is represented on a monitor screen so that the user can see the required inputs Types of interface: Graphical User Interface Command Line Interface Natural Language Interface Functions of operating systems: User interface Application interface Security management Device management Storage management Processor management 14.1 Robotics Term robot: A mechanical device that sometimes resembles a human and is capable of performing a variety of often complex human tasks on command or by being programmed in advance. Term robotics: branch of engineering that involves the conception, design, manufacture, and operation of robots. First industrial robot: In 1961 the first industrial robot "Unimate" General Motors assembly line at the Inland Fisher New Jersey. (4000lb robotic arm) Father of robotics: JOSEPH ENGELBERGER 14.5 the function of robots Decrease of freedom: degrees of freedom is the number of values in the final calculation of a statistic that are free to vary Modern robots possess three characteristics: Programmability Mechanical Capability flexibility End effector: an end effector is a device or tool that's connected to the end of a robot arm. Welding Torches. Collision Sensors. Tool Changers. Pick and place movements: High-speed pick and place robots take product from one location to another with pinpoint accuracy. Asimov's Laws of Robotics: Zeroth Law: A robot may not injure humanity or through inaction, allow humanity to come to harm First Law: A robot may not injure a human being or through inaction, allow a human being to come to harm, unless this violates the Zeroth Law Second Law: A robot must obey orders given to it by human beings, except where it would conflict with Zeroth or First Law. Third Law: A robot must protect its own existence, as long as such protection doesn't conflict with any other Law. Components of automated control systems: Sensor Signal conditioners Controllers Actuators